14 Mar Kako prepoznati razliku između EAL-a i ADHD-a

Učenik koji uči engleski jezik gubi se na nastavi, propušta upute i ne može mirno sjediti. Izgleda kao ADHD. Pokazatelj je gdje se ponašanje pojavljuje. ADHD se pojavljuje svugdje: kod kuće, na igralištu, u materinjem jeziku učenika, u zadacima koji uopće ne sadrže jezik. Nepažnja uzrokovana nepoznatim jezikom pojavljuje se samo tamo gdje je engleski prepreka i smanjuje se kako engleski dolazi do izražaja.
Zašto učenje novog jezika izgleda kao ADHD?
Jer učenik koji ne može u potpunosti pratiti engleski jezik čini ono što bi svatko drugi: prestaje pratiti ono što ne razumije, promatra druge učenike tražeći znakove i odustaje od punog teksta. Cjelodnevno obrađivanje drugog jezika je zamorno, pa pažnja blijedi do poslijepodneva. Iz prednjeg dijela učionice to se čita kao rastresenost, nemir, neslušanje. To je jezično opterećenje u koje učenik još nije sazrio, a ne poremećaj.
Kako izgleda ADHD, bez obzira na jezik?
Pažnja koja opada čak i kada je zadatak lagan i napisan na jeziku koji učenik najbolje razumije. Učenik s ADHD-om gubi fokus na stvarima koje razumije i u kojima čak uživa, ne samo na teškom radu na engleskom jeziku.
Hiperaktivni i impulzivni znakovi se također prenose: ustajanje sa sjedala, izgužvanje odgovora, nemogućnost čekanja reda, nemir kada ništa u vezi sa zadatkom nije jezično. Uzorak je star, prisutan prije preseljenja u englesku školu i pokazuje se na više mjesta. Novi jezik ne stvara impulzivnost i ne prati učenika kući ili u njegov materinji jezik. ADHD to čini.
Kako ih razlikovati kod učenika koji još uči engleski?
Promatrajući pažnju u više od jednog okruženja i više od jednog jezika, te mjereći je na način koji engleski ne može iskriviti. Ljestvice ocjenjivanja poput SNAP-IV 26 i Connersove ljestvice namijenjene su roditeljima i učiteljima, a ne jednom razredu, pa se postavlja pitanje je li teškoća vidljiva kod kuće i u materinjem jeziku, a ne samo na satovima engleskog.
MOXO test kontinuirane izvedbe dodaje objektivnu mjeru održive pažnje gotovo bez upotrebe jezika, što ga čini pravednim za dvojezičnog učenika.
U usporedbi s razvojnom poviješću, kada su se znakovi počeli javljati i je li ADHD nasljedan, to razlikuje stvarne poteškoće s pažnjom od uobičajenih troškova rada na novom jeziku. Pažnja koja je slaba samo na engleskom jeziku, o kojoj je izvijestio samo učitelj engleskog jezika, a koja se s vremenom poboljšava, nije ADHD.
TL; DR
- ADHD se pojavljuje u različitim okruženjima i jezicima te od ranog djetinjstva; nepažnja uzrokovana engleskim jezikom pojavljuje se samo tamo gdje je jezik prepreka i smanjuje se kako se engleski poboljšava.
- Učenik koji ne može pratiti engleski jezik gubi interes, kopira vršnjake i umara se do poslijepodneva, što se čita kao distrakcija, ali je jezično opterećenje, a ne poremećaj.
- Pravi ADHD narušava pažnju čak i kod jednostavnih zadataka na učenikovom najjačem jeziku i donosi impulzivne, hiperaktivne znakove koje jezični jaz ne pokazuje.
- Razlikuje se ovisno o okruženjima i jezicima: skale ocjenjivanja roditelja i učitelja kao što su SNAP-IV 26 i Conners, MOXO test kontinuiranog uspjeha kao mjera jezične ispravnosti i razvojna povijest.
- Obje pogreške su česte, jezični jaz pogrešno označen kao ADHD ili pravi ADHD odbačen kao „samo jezik“, pri čemu se tihi, nepažljivi učenik najčešće previđa.
Što se događa ako pogriješite?
Obje su pogreške uobičajene. Učenik koji se ne angažira u engleskom jeziku koji ne može pratiti dobiva uputnicu za ADHD, a zatim slijedi etiketa, ponekad lijek, zbog onoga što je bila jezična praznina. Ili se učenik koji ima ADHD odmahuje s "još se prilagođava" i "to je samo jezik", a godine prolaze bez podrške. Tihi, nepažljivi učenik, koji ne ometa, najčešće je onaj koji se u oba slučaja previdi.
U Global Education Testingu, obrazovni psiholozi registrirani od strane HCPC-a procjenjuju pažnju u različitim okruženjima i jezicima, koriste MOXO test kao mjeru jezične ispravnosti i uspoređuju ga s povijesti učenika, a ne s opisom jednog razreda. Izvješće zadovoljava kriterije DSM-5-TR i ICD-11 te ga priznaju IB, Cambridge International, Pearson Edexcel i College Board. ADHD je jedna od nekoliko teškoća koje novi jezik može oponašati, a razlikovanje jezične razlike od stvarne teškoće šire je pitanje koje stoji iza ovoga.
Cilj je točno odgovoriti prvi put, tako da učenik koji je samo izgubljen u jeziku ne dobiva tretman za ADHD, a učenik koji ima ADHD ne mora čekati da mu engleski objasni.
Alexander Bentley-Sutherland je izvršni direktor Global Education Testinga, vodećeg pružatelja testiranja razvoja učenja posebno skrojenog za zajednicu međunarodnih i privatnih škola diljem svijeta.
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